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| Enzyme Name | | Swiss-prot | KEGG |
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| P32170 |
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| Protein name | L-rhamnose isomerase | L-rhamnose isomeraserhamnose isomeraseL-rhamnose ketol-isomerase |
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| Synonyms | EC 5.3.1.14 |
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| KEGG pathways | | MAP code | Pathways |
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| MAP00051 | Fructose and mannose metabolism |
| Swiss-prot:Accession Number | P32170 |
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| Entry name | RHAA_ECOLI |
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| Activity | L-rhamnose = L-rhamnulose. |
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| Subunit | Homotetramer. |
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| Subcellular location | Cytoplasm (Probable). |
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| Cofactor | Binds 1 manganese ion per subunit. |
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| References for Catalytic Mechanism | | References | Sections | No. of steps in catalysis |
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| [3] | Fig.12, Fig.13, p.168-170 | 7 | | [4] | p.5464-5465 |
| | [5] | Fig.1, p.22903-22905 |
| | [6] | Figure 11, p.928 |
| | [7] | Scheme 11, Scheme 12, p.101 |
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| references | | [1] |
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| Journal | Methods Enzymol |
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| Year | 1966 |
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| Volume | 9 |
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| Pages | 579-82 |
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| Authors | Domagk GF, Zech R |
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| Title | L-Rhamnose isomerase |
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| [2] |
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| PubMed ID | 1650346 |
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| Journal | J Bacteriol |
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| Year | 1991 |
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| Volume | 173 |
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| Pages | 5144-50 |
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| Authors | Badia J, Gimenez R, Baldoma L, Barnes E, Fessner WD, Aguilar J |
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| Title | L-lyxose metabolism employs the L-rhamnose pathway in mutant cells of Escherichia coli adapted to grow on L-lyxose. |
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| [3] |
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| PubMed ID | 2006134 |
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| Journal | Proteins |
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| Year | 1991 |
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| Volume | 9 |
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| Pages | 153-73 |
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| Authors | Whitlow M, Howard AJ, Finzel BC, Poulos TL, Winborne E, Gilliland GL |
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| Title | A metal-mediated hydride shift mechanism for xylose isomerase based on the 1.6 A Streptomyces rubiginosus structures with xylitol and D-xylose. |
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| [4] |
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| PubMed ID | 1610792 |
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| Journal | Biochemistry |
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| Year | 1992 |
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| Volume | 31 |
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| Pages | 5459-66 |
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| Authors | Lambeir AM, Lauwereys M, Stanssens P, Mrabet NT, Snauwaert J, van Tilbeurgh H, Matthyssens G, Lasters I, De Maeyer M, Wodak SJ, et al |
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| Title | Protein engineering of xylose (glucose) isomerase from Actinoplanes missouriensis. 2. Site-directed mutagenesis of the xylose binding site. |
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| [5] |
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| PubMed ID | 7559425 |
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| Journal | J Biol Chem |
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| Year | 1995 |
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| Volume | 270 |
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| Pages | 22895-906 |
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| Authors | Whitaker RD, Cho Y, Cha J, Carrell HL, Glusker JP, Karplus PA, Batt CA |
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| Title | Probing the roles of active site residues in D-xylose isomerase. |
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| [6] |
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| Comments | X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.1 ANGSTROMS) |
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| PubMed ID | 10891278 |
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| Journal | J Mol Biol |
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| Year | 2000 |
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| Volume | 300 |
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| Pages | 917-33 |
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| Authors | Korndorfer IP, Fessner WD, Matthews BW |
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| Title | The structure of rhamnose isomerase from Escherichia coli and its relation with xylose isomerase illustrates a change between inter and intra-subunit complementation during evolution. |
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| Related PDB | 1d8w,1de5,1de6 |
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| Related Swiss-prot | P32170 |
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| [7] |
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| Journal | Top Curr Chem |
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| Year | 2001 |
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| Volume | 215 |
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| Pages | 77-114 |
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| Authors | Hausler H, Stutz AE |
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| Title | D-xylose (D-glucose) isomerase and related enzymes in carbohydrate synthesis. |
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| [8] |
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| PubMed ID | 15184124 |
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| Journal | Appl Environ Microbiol |
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| Year | 2004 |
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| Volume | 70 |
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| Pages | 3298-304 |
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| Authors | Leang K, Takada G, Ishimura A, Okita M, Izumori K |
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| Title | Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and overexpression of the L-rhamnose isomerase gene from Pseudomonas stutzeri in Escherichia coli. |
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| [9] |
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| PubMed ID | 15342115 |
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| Journal | Biochim Biophys Acta |
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| Year | 2004 |
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| Volume | 1674 |
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| Pages | 68-77 |
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| Authors | Leang K, Takada G, Fukai Y, Morimoto K, Granstrom TB, Izumori K |
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| Title | Novel reactions of L-rhamnose isomerase from Pseudomonas stutzeri and its relation with D-xylose isomerase via substrate specificity. |
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| comments | Although this enzyme binds a zinc ion at the active site, it is not directly involved in catalysis, and might be replaced by different metal ion in vivo (see [6]). In contrast, manganese ion is an essential cofactor for catalysis.
The active site structure of this enzyme complexed with substrate is similar but slightly different from that of the homologous enzyme, xylose isomerase (4xis in PDB). It is not clear whether detailed mechanism is the same as that of the counterpart.
According to the literature [6], this enzyme catalyzes the following reactions:
(A) Ring opening of rhamnose (Eliminative double-bond formation).
The mechanism for this reaction has not been elucidated yet.
(B) Isomerization; Shift of double-bond.
This reaction involves hydride shift from the C2 atom to the C1 atom. The hydrophobic environment around these atoms, which is formed by Trp193, seems to facilitate this hydride shift. In the active site of xylose isomerase (PDB;4xis), a catalytic water, bound to manganese ion, is observed. However, the active site of this enzyme does not show such a catalytic water (see 1de6). If there is no catalytic water, Asp302 and His270 might contribute to the reaction, along with Lys236 (see [6]).
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| created | updated |
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| 2005-07-08 | 2009-02-26 |
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